# Repositories This chapter will explain the concept of packages and repositories, what kinds of repositories are available, and how they work. ## Concepts Before we look at the different types of repositories that exist, we need to understand some of the basic concepts that Composer is built on. ### Package Composer is a dependency manager. It installs packages locally. A package is essentially just a directory containing something. In this case it is PHP code, but in theory it could be anything. And it contains a package description which has a name and a version. The name and the version are used to identify the package. In fact, internally Composer sees every version as a separate package. While this distinction does not matter when you are using Composer, it's quite important when you want to change it. In addition to the name and the version, there is useful metadata. The information most relevant for installation is the source definition, which describes where to get the package contents. The package data points to the contents of the package. And there are two options here: dist and source. **Dist:** The dist is a packaged version of the package data. Usually a released version, usually a stable release. **Source:** The source is used for development. This will usually originate from a source code repository, such as git. You can fetch this when you want to modify the downloaded package. Packages can supply either of these, or even both. Depending on certain factors, such as user-supplied options and stability of the package, one will be preferred. ### Repository A repository is a package source. It's a list of packages/versions. Composer will look in all your repositories to find the packages your project requires. By default only the Packagist repository is registered in Composer. You can add more repositories to your project by declaring them in `composer.json`. Repositories are only available to the root package and the repositories defined in your dependencies will not be loaded. Read the [FAQ entry](faqs/why-can't-composer-load-repositories-recursively.md) if you want to learn why. ## Types ### Composer The main repository type is the `composer` repository. It uses a single `packages.json` file that contains all of the package metadata. This is also the repository type that packagist uses. To reference a `composer` repository, just supply the path before the `packages.json` file. In case of packagist, that file is located at `/packages.json`, so the URL of the repository would be `packagist.org`. For `example.org/packages.json` the repository URL would be `example.org`. #### packages The only required field is `packages`. The JSON structure is as follows: ```json { "packages": { "vendor/package-name": { "dev-master": { @composer.json }, "1.0.x-dev": { @composer.json }, "0.0.1": { @composer.json }, "1.0.0": { @composer.json } } } } ``` The `@composer.json` marker would be the contents of the `composer.json` from that package version including as a minimum: * name * version * dist or source Here is a minimal package definition: ```json { "name": "smarty/smarty", "version": "3.1.7", "dist": { "url": "http://www.smarty.net/files/Smarty-3.1.7.zip", "type": "zip" } } ``` It may include any of the other fields specified in the [schema](04-schema.md). #### notify-batch The `notify-batch` field allows you to specify a URL that will be called every time a user installs a package. The URL can be either an absolute path (that will use the same domain as the repository) or a fully qualified URL. An example value: ```json { "notify-batch": "/downloads/" } ``` For `example.org/packages.json` containing a `monolog/monolog` package, this would send a `POST` request to `example.org/downloads/` with following JSON request body: ```json { "downloads": [ {"name": "monolog/monolog", "version": "1.2.1.0"} ] } ``` The version field will contain the normalized representation of the version number. This field is optional. #### includes For larger repositories it is possible to split the `packages.json` into multiple files. The `includes` field allows you to reference these additional files. An example: ```json { "includes": { "packages-2011.json": { "sha1": "525a85fb37edd1ad71040d429928c2c0edec9d17" }, "packages-2012-01.json": { "sha1": "897cde726f8a3918faf27c803b336da223d400dd" }, "packages-2012-02.json": { "sha1": "26f911ad717da26bbcac3f8f435280d13917efa5" } } } ``` The SHA-1 sum of the file allows it to be cached and only re-requested if the hash changed. This field is optional. You probably don't need it for your own custom repository. #### provider-includes and providers-url For very large repositories like packagist.org using the so-called provider files is the preferred method. The `provider-includes` field allows you to list a set of files that list package names provided by this repository. The hash should be a sha256 of the files in this case. The `providers-url` describes how provider files are found on the server. It is an absolute path from the repository root. An example: ```json { "provider-includes": { "providers-a.json": { "sha256": "f5b4bc0b354108ef08614e569c1ed01a2782e67641744864a74e788982886f4c" }, "providers-b.json": { "sha256": "b38372163fac0573053536f5b8ef11b86f804ea8b016d239e706191203f6efac" } }, "providers-url": "/p/%package%$%hash%.json" } ``` Those files contain lists of package names and hashes to verify the file integrity, for example: ```json { "providers": { "acme/foo": { "sha256": "38968de1305c2e17f4de33aea164515bc787c42c7e2d6e25948539a14268bb82" }, "acme/bar": { "sha256": "4dd24c930bd6e1103251306d6336ac813b563a220d9ca14f4743c032fb047233" } } } ``` The file above declares that acme/foo and acme/bar can be found in this repository, by loading the file referenced by `providers-url`, replacing `%package%` by the package name and `%hash%` by the sha256 field. Those files themselves just contain package definitions as described [above](#packages). This field is optional. You probably don't need it for your own custom repository. #### stream options The `packages.json` file is loaded using a PHP stream. You can set extra options on that stream using the `options` parameter. You can set any valid PHP stream context option. See [Context options and parameters](https://php.net/manual/en/context.php) for more information. ### VCS VCS stands for version control system. This includes versioning systems like git, svn or hg. Composer has a repository type for installing packages from these systems. #### Loading a package from a VCS repository There are a few use cases for this. The most common one is maintaining your own fork of a third party library. If you are using a certain library for your project and you decide to change something in the library, you will want your project to use the patched version. If the library is on GitHub (this is the case most of the time), you can simply fork it there and push your changes to your fork. After that you update the project's `composer.json`. All you have to do is add your fork as a repository and update the version constraint to point to your custom branch. Your custom branch name must be prefixed with `"dev-"`. For version constraint naming conventions see [Libraries](02-libraries.md) for more information. Example assuming you patched monolog to fix a bug in the `bugfix` branch: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "vcs", "url": "https://github.com/igorw/monolog" } ], "require": { "monolog/monolog": "dev-bugfix" } } ``` When you run `php composer.phar update`, you should get your modified version of `monolog/monolog` instead of the one from packagist. Note that you should not rename the package unless you really intend to fork it in the long term, and completely move away from the original package. Composer will correctly pick your package over the original one since the custom repository has priority over packagist. If you want to rename the package, you should do so in the default (often master) branch and not in a feature branch, since the package name is taken from the default branch. Also note that the override will not work if you change the `name` property in your forked repository's composer.json file as this needs to match the original for the override to work. If other dependencies rely on the package you forked, it is possible to inline-alias it so that it matches a constraint that it otherwise would not. For more information [see the aliases article](articles/aliases.md). #### Using private repositories Exactly the same solution allows you to work with your private repositories at GitHub and BitBucket: ```json { "require": { "vendor/my-private-repo": "dev-master" }, "repositories": [ { "type": "vcs", "url": "git@bitbucket.org:vendor/my-private-repo.git" } ] } ``` The only requirement is the installation of SSH keys for a git client. #### Git alternatives Git is not the only version control system supported by the VCS repository. The following are supported: * **Git:** [git-scm.com](https://git-scm.com) * **Subversion:** [subversion.apache.org](https://subversion.apache.org) * **Mercurial:** [mercurial.selenic.com](http://mercurial.selenic.com) To get packages from these systems you need to have their respective clients installed. That can be inconvenient. And for this reason there is special support for GitHub and BitBucket that use the APIs provided by these sites, to fetch the packages without having to install the version control system. The VCS repository provides `dist`s for them that fetch the packages as zips. * **GitHub:** [github.com](https://github.com) (Git) * **BitBucket:** [bitbucket.org](https://bitbucket.org) (Git and Mercurial) The VCS driver to be used is detected automatically based on the URL. However, should you need to specify one for whatever reason, you can use `git`, `svn` or `hg` as the repository type instead of `vcs`. If you set the `no-api` key to `true` on a github repository it will clone the repository as it would with any other git repository instead of using the GitHub API. But unlike using the `git` driver directly, Composer will still attempt to use github's zip files. #### Subversion Options Since Subversion has no native concept of branches and tags, Composer assumes by default that code is located in `$url/trunk`, `$url/branches` and `$url/tags`. If your repository has a different layout you can change those values. For example if you used capitalized names you could configure the repository like this: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "vcs", "url": "http://svn.example.org/projectA/", "trunk-path": "Trunk", "branches-path": "Branches", "tags-path": "Tags" } ] } ``` If you have no branches or tags directory you can disable them entirely by setting the `branches-path` or `tags-path` to `false`. If the package is in a sub-directory, e.g. `/trunk/foo/bar/composer.json` and `/tags/1.0/foo/bar/composer.json`, then you can make Composer access it by setting the `"package-path"` option to the sub-directory, in this example it would be `"package-path": "foo/bar/"`. If you have a private Subversion repository you can save credentials in the http-basic section of your config (See [Schema](04-schema.md)): ```json { "http-basic": { "svn.example.org": { "username": "username", "password": "password" } } } ``` If your Subversion client is configured to store credentials by default these credentials will be saved for the current user and existing saved credentials for this server will be overwritten. To change this behavior by setting the `"svn-cache-credentials"` option in your repository configuration: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "vcs", "url": "http://svn.example.org/projectA/", "svn-cache-credentials": false } ] } ``` ### PEAR It is possible to install packages from any PEAR channel by using the `pear` repository. Composer will prefix all package names with `pear-{channelName}/` to avoid conflicts. All packages are also aliased with prefix `pear-{channelAlias}/` Example using `pear2.php.net`: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "pear", "url": "https://pear2.php.net" } ], "require": { "pear-pear2.php.net/PEAR2_Text_Markdown": "*", "pear-pear2/PEAR2_HTTP_Request": "*" } } ``` In this case the short name of the channel is `pear2`, so the `PEAR2_HTTP_Request` package name becomes `pear-pear2/PEAR2_HTTP_Request`. > **Note:** The `pear` repository requires doing quite a few requests per > package, so this may considerably slow down the installation process. #### Custom vendor alias It is possible to alias PEAR channel packages with a custom vendor name. Example: Suppose you have a private PEAR repository and wish to use Composer to incorporate dependencies from a VCS. Your PEAR repository contains the following packages: * `BasePackage` * `IntermediatePackage`, which depends on `BasePackage` * `TopLevelPackage1` and `TopLevelPackage2` which both depend on `IntermediatePackage` Without a vendor alias, Composer will use the PEAR channel name as the vendor portion of the package name: * `pear-pear.foobar.repo/BasePackage` * `pear-pear.foobar.repo/IntermediatePackage` * `pear-pear.foobar.repo/TopLevelPackage1` * `pear-pear.foobar.repo/TopLevelPackage2` Suppose at a later time you wish to migrate your PEAR packages to a Composer repository and naming scheme, and adopt the vendor name of `foobar`. Projects using your PEAR packages would not see the updated packages, since they have a different vendor name (`foobar/IntermediatePackage` vs `pear-pear.foobar.repo/IntermediatePackage`). By specifying `vendor-alias` for the PEAR repository from the start, you can avoid this scenario and future-proof your package names. To illustrate, the following example would get the `BasePackage`, `TopLevelPackage1`, and `TopLevelPackage2` packages from your PEAR repository and `IntermediatePackage` from a Github repository: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "git", "url": "https://github.com/foobar/intermediate.git" }, { "type": "pear", "url": "http://pear.foobar.repo", "vendor-alias": "foobar" } ], "require": { "foobar/TopLevelPackage1": "*", "foobar/TopLevelPackage2": "*" } } ``` ### Package If you want to use a project that does not support Composer through any of the means above, you still can define the package yourself by using a `package` repository. Basically, you define the same information that is included in the `composer` repository's `packages.json`, but only for a single package. Again, the minimum required fields are `name`, `version`, and either of `dist` or `source`. Here is an example for the smarty template engine: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "package", "package": { "name": "smarty/smarty", "version": "3.1.7", "dist": { "url": "http://www.smarty.net/files/Smarty-3.1.7.zip", "type": "zip" }, "source": { "url": "http://smarty-php.googlecode.com/svn/", "type": "svn", "reference": "tags/Smarty_3_1_7/distribution/" }, "autoload": { "classmap": ["libs/"] } } } ], "require": { "smarty/smarty": "3.1.*" } } ``` Typically you would leave the source part off, as you don't really need it. > **Note**: This repository type has a few limitations and should be avoided > whenever possible: > > - Composer will not update the package unless you change the `version` field. > - Composer will not update the commit references, so if you use `master` as > reference you will have to delete the package to force an update, and will > have to deal with an unstable lock file. ## Hosting your own While you will probably want to put your packages on packagist most of the time, there are some use cases for hosting your own repository. * **Private company packages:** If you are part of a company that uses Composer for their packages internally, you might want to keep those packages private. * **Separate ecosystem:** If you have a project which has its own ecosystem, and the packages aren't really reusable by the greater PHP community, you might want to keep them separate to packagist. An example of this would be wordpress plugins. For hosting your own packages, a native `composer` type of repository is recommended, which provides the best performance. There are a few tools that can help you create a `composer` repository. ### Packagist The underlying application used by packagist is open source. This means that you can technically install your own copy of packagist. However it is not a supported use case and changes will happen without caring for third parties using the code. Packagist is a Symfony2 application, and it is [available on GitHub](https://github.com/composer/packagist). It uses Composer internally and acts as a proxy between VCS repositories and the Composer users. It holds a list of all VCS packages, periodically re-crawls them, and exposes them as a Composer repository. ### Toran Proxy [Toran Proxy](https://toranproxy.com/) is a web app much like Packagist but providing private package hosting as well as mirroring/proxying of GitHub and packagist.org. Check its homepage and the [Satis/Toran Proxy article](articles/handling-private-packages-with-satis.md) for more information. ### Satis Satis is a static `composer` repository generator. It is a bit like an ultra- lightweight, static file-based version of packagist. You give it a `composer.json` containing repositories, typically VCS and package repository definitions. It will fetch all the packages that are `require`d and dump a `packages.json` that is your `composer` repository. Check [the satis GitHub repository](https://github.com/composer/satis) and the [Satis article](articles/handling-private-packages-with-satis.md) for more information. ### Artifact There are some cases, when there is no ability to have one of the previously mentioned repository types online, even the VCS one. Typical example could be cross-organisation library exchange through built artifacts. Of course, most of the times they are private. To simplify maintenance, one can simply use a repository of type `artifact` with a folder containing ZIP archives of those private packages: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "artifact", "url": "path/to/directory/with/zips/" } ], "require": { "private-vendor-one/core": "15.6.2", "private-vendor-two/connectivity": "*", "acme-corp/parser": "10.3.5" } } ``` Each zip artifact is just a ZIP archive with `composer.json` in root folder: ```sh unzip -l acme-corp-parser-10.3.5.zip composer.json ... ``` If there are two archives with different versions of a package, they are both imported. When an archive with a newer version is added in the artifact folder and you run `update`, that version will be imported as well and Composer will update to the latest version. ### Path In addition to the artifact repository, you can use the path one, which allows you to depend on a relative directory. This can be especially useful when dealing with monolith repositories. For instance, if you have the following directory structure in your repository: ``` - apps \_ my-app \_ composer.json - packages \_ my-package \_ composer.json ``` Then, to add the package `my/package` as a dependency, in your `apps/my-app/composer.json` file, you can use the following configuration: ```json { "repositories": [ { "type": "path", "url": "../../packages/my-package" } ], "require": { "my/package": "*@dev" } } ``` The local package will be symlinked if possible, in which case the output in the console will read `Symlinked from ../../packages/my-package`. If symlinking is _not_ possible the package will be copied. In that case, the console will output `Mirrored from ../../packages/my-package`. Instead of using a relative path, an absolute path can also be used. > **Note:** Repository paths can also contain wildcards like ``*`` and ``?``. > For details, see the [PHP glob function](http://php.net/glob). ## Disabling Packagist You can disable the default Packagist repository by adding this to your `composer.json`: ```json { "repositories": [ { "packagist": false } ] } ``` ← [Schema](04-schema.md) | [Config](06-config.md) →